Archive for category History

July 28, 1960 death of British writer-volt Ni Qi

Aijieerli Lin Fu Ni Qi is the world famous “gadfly,” the author, she was born in 1864 in Cork, Ireland, formerly known as Lillian Pu Er. Her father, George Pu Er is a mathematician, not a year old when she died.
Lillian early death of his father, from an early age to develop a strong character. She was 18 years old to be a legacy of family and friends, and go alone to Germany to study, in 1885 graduated from the Berlin Academy of Music.
In 1887, Lillian studies abroad, in London, fled the country to get to know some of the reactionary, of which the Russian populist writer carat Fu Qin Siji (pen 名斯吉普涅 Jacques) to her political ideology and literature on deep impact. Lillian traveled through his two years in Russia, St. Petersburg and then the reactionary groups have had many contacts. Lillian was a Russian general in the family home as a teacher, she applied to my duties and alien identity as a cover, held in Tsarist prison for patriots send clothes and letters. There was assisted by her Polish reactionary Mikhail V Niqi trying to escape from a Siberian exile in London, he and Lillian Pu Er love at first sight, and married in 1892. After marriage, the couple actively participate in the activities of the Russian fugitive, Lillian V Niqi as fugitives magazine “Russia itself,” the editorial, also published a “Russian humor” Collected Works, translated introductions of Gogol and Jani, who Ostrovsky’s works. Lillian V Niqi also met Plekhanov, and worked in the home of Engels for passing. Lillian V Niqi met in the reactionary who, some reaction to stop the Italian national democratic struggle of the patriots fled, she learned from them the literary material.

In 1889, Lillian V Niqi start writing a novel reflects the Italian people, reactionary, for which she had traveled to Italy, to collect historical data archives and libraries. 8 years after her novel was published in London, which is famed the world was a “gadfly.” “Gadfly” is a very moving art, ideology and compare the progress of works, the book’s young hero-bourgeois origin, the image of the gadfly’s tall, so many young people have been great encouragement, took reactionary path. Niamey Ostrovsky in his famous book “How the Steel Was Tempered” and, once on the gadfly’s heroic and exceptional stamina to make high marks.

Later, V Niqi successively written some other novels. In 1904, she created with the autobiographical novel, “Olivia Wei Yala Gautam.” In 1910, they wrote to the gadfly of experience after leaving the theme of “infix of friendship”, 1945, she wrote to the great-grandmother and grandmother gadfly’s life experience as a theme, “Take off your boots.” V Niqi of course like to write a “gadfly” in this country have a common many of the world famous novel readers, but she has been left out of their bourgeois literary world, she emigrated to the United States in the twilight years, in July 1960 28 In the United States died at the age of 96.

Too hot today, I counted up one morning just after breakfast on the sweating, but the thought I wait for the next go shopping I suddenly no hot Italian, because I will buy my dream that watch;bvlgari B.Zero1 Watches saleand bvlgari Bvlgari-Bvlgari Watches saleand bvlgari Diagono Watches sale, and I like that already on the watch, that is, has no money to buy, and now finally saved enough money. I have always felt the man put the watch on the symbol of elegance, a symbol of man’s temperament, so I have a soft spot for the table.

Tags: , ,

Korean War 60 years: Uphold the peace in response to “Uncertain future”

Time flies, 60 reminding us of scenes in a short span of six decades, the magnificent Korean War is already an instant before the events of the past half century has. Review of the 20th century in the 21st century, the Cold War period beginning 50′s early years, one of the shamisen worthy of fine chemicals. How to learn from history, experience and lessons learned to cope with an uncertain future, to avoid a repeat of the tragedy, perhaps today to discuss the Korean War should be the focus of this topic.

American scholar of international relations in the study Jervis’s “cognitive” and “cognitive error”, saying that incorrectly apply the historical experience and wishful thinking is the cause of the deviation of policy between countries because of misunderstanding and to the key to the war. Research and discussion in the course of the Korean War, how to avoid the “wrong perception” of the interference is especially important.

To avoid the interference of cognitive errors, the first is to avoid being entangled in some detail to an examination as well as entertainment, according to the mentality, to interpret the outbreak of the Korean War, such as land to dwell too much relish, “the first bullet is Where root out the barrel in firing “of such a proposition. Interpretation of this entertainment is reflected in the Western news “sensational reporting” of the classic characteristics and to the pursuit of misleading and even hide the details of the overall problem in depth.

Second, the way to avoid mechanical formalism applied with the geopolitical and national interests such abstract concepts, with some preconceived to discuss the complex and subjective cognitive strategic decision-making process specific. China, the United States, Russia, the three current major players in the Korean War, have opened around the 50s of the 20th century diplomacy, Stalin, Mao Zedong, Kim Il Sung, Zhou Enlai, Molotov and other top leaders of the top-secret telegram contacts have been presented in front of people. These new file documents, including all types of parties are oral, and sketched out a rich, detailed, complicated the Korean War, rather than a simple geo-political symbols.

Third, to avoid the kind of “hindsight” the wisdom from the particular historical environment in the 21st century with the formation of the international situation, some ideas, values, to analyze 50 years of the 20th century that very different time and space. 60 years ago, capitalism and the socialist camp incompatible with each other, Stalin’s “general crisis of capitalism” speech, was the Western media as a “third world war speech”, the basic conclusion is the ultimate showdown inevitable; in the United States the same anti-communist hysteria pervaded not only crazy politicians, and even in the Superman comics and other entertainment products, also reveal that ideological confrontation and madness.

In a sense, the ultimate head-on collision of Sino-US Korean War, is under the influence of ideological factors that era, each the result of cognitive errors: the MacArthur as the typical representative of the arrogance to underestimate the U.S. military to defend its new China strategic security of the political will to underestimate the weapons and equipment on an absolute disadvantage in the Chinese People’s Volunteers of the individual ability and tactical command and combat capabilities; just defeated in the war of liberation “to increase the aircraft artillery” of Chiang’s Liberation Army, were originally underestimated the number of the true sense of the brutality of modern mechanized warfare. In the end, these two countries have completely different ideologies, is gradually completed in the field of mutual awareness and understanding of the true original.

However, from another perspective, the Korean War Ye Hao, the Cold War worth mentioning, compared to today’s world, it is a certainty at least age, although there among the major powers on the battlefield to war and, ultimately, the risk of a showdown However, the risks faced by the entire international community is determined, the theme of war and peace occupy the dominant position of the status of each country’s strategic priorities are identified.

60 years later, large enough to result in a showdown triggered a nuclear war to destroy all of humanity, Zhebing sword of Damocles has ceased to exist, replaced by the uncertainties, however, the risk, but then the national and the international community a more serious harsh challenges. Has a special meaning that the Korean Peninsula nuclear issue as an opportunity, had fought with arms on the battlefield, the parties, now a suit sitting at the negotiating table, began within the framework of the six-party talks to discuss how “peaceful solution” problem. Despite the stimulation of various unexpected events, all the major countries to maintain the abnormal valuable eventually calm, and therefore the overall situation remains peaceful state. This calm, exercise restraint and resolve the problem through negotiations, the preferred choice, it should be is left of that war 60 years ago today the world’s most precious legacy.

Tags:

Japanese invasion of China retired teachers interviewed 250 veterans: open recognition of the Nanjing Massacre

Young Japanese infantry Sawamura feel cold hands and feet. Executive ordered him stabbed with a bayonet of a Chinese peasant, and watching the other soldiers laugh at him. “You caught him, you have to kill him.” Lieutenant shouted at him, and the age of 21 soldiers into the struggling victim. December 1937, Japanese troops captured Nanjing.

“I stumbled came forward, his body will hold into the bayonet until the other side piercing. Executive said that this will not waste bullets, it is a kind of training new recruits.” Chak village, now 94-year-old said, ” After that I told myself, killing is wrong. “Chak village took part in the Nanjing Massacre is one of only small number of Japanese veterans. Sawamura such as the Nanjing Massacre involved the number of Japanese veterans, and now is rapidly reduced. Historians believe that the Nanjing massacre was committed by the Japanese army in China, the worst atrocities of war. According to the history of Japan-China Committee on a joint study released this year, China said the actual death toll of 30 million people, but the Japanese have different views on the digital.

In Japan, the Nanjing Massacre was basically taboo subject, only a few veterans talked about, most people remain silent, their witness to the grave. But this year, retired teachers Matsuoka Central Japan released a documentary, to preserve the memory of this dark and made a desperate stroke. In the film, the first time the Japanese invasion of China veterans admitted opening the mass killing and rape that year. This entitled the “Nanjing – are fragmented memories” (Torn Memories of Nanjing) documentary, recently screened at the Hong Kong International Film Festival, and soon will be in Sydney, Australia in June’s Film Festival debut.

10 years, retired teachers interviewed hundreds of Matsuoka Central Nanjing Massacre of Chinese survivors, and about 250 former Japanese soldiers. She has been a conservative Japanese nationalist thorn in the side. Now, leaving only those veterans, including Sawamura, including 3 living. Matsuoka said: “The I do not just want foreigners to see this film, I hope the Japanese people to see, to understand the truth.” However, despite the efforts she made this film so far in only three theaters in Japan , few people read.

In Japan, World War II history is still a sensitive topic, it is also leading to tensions between Tokyo and its Asian neighbors as a source. Japanese textbooks often cover up the Japanese army in World War II atrocities, which caused other countries, China and anger. Some Japanese officials even called the Nanjing Massacre is a fabrication.

Matsuoka said he was fighting whom this cause, often brought her life-threatening. She was Japanese nationalists nuisance, verbal abuse, some of the conservative magazine even called her a “Chinese spy.” She said he took 10 years to get veterans trust, to convince them to face the camera talking. In the end, a number of veterans and war memorials to her photographs, including a postcard, the above pattern is a group of people standing on the mountains of the Chinese side cracked a smile and head of Japanese soldiers.

Tags: ,

British and other multinational troops to the Red Square parade

 

65OUBGKJ00AQ0001 British and other multinational troops to the Red Square parade

This year is the 65th anniversary of World War II. May 9, Russia will hold a military parade and march over the city to celebrate Victory Day. Meanwhile the United States, Britain and France of 13 countries will participate in the armed forces of a military parade in Moscow’s Red Square.

Tags:

The Qinghai-Tibet Highway opened to traffic 55 years – General Logistics Department of the Qinghai-Tibet military depot at the expense of more than 770

Known as the “Heaven Road” of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway has been opened to traffic 55 years, the PLA officers and soldiers for hundreds of thousands of the Qinghai-Tibet region’s economic development, social stability, national unity and the stability of the southwest border has played an extremely important role.

General Logistics Department of the Qinghai-Tibet military depot, according to the person in charge, starting from Xining in Qinghai Province Qinghai-Tibet Highway, and finally to Lhasa, Tibet length of 2000 kilometers, with an average altitude of 4000 meters above average annual temperature of minus six degrees Celsius. Fifty-five years ago, the Department of the Qinghai-Tibet ages depot troops battle snow, fighting cold, anti-anoxia, with hammer and drill rod split the Millennium frozen, conquer ancient thrill of the climb, has completed Golmud City, Qinghai Province, the ground-breaking from scratch project, participated in the city’s development and construction of small to large; built the length of 1823 kilometers of the Qinghai-Tibet highway transportation lines; set up a length of 1329 kilometers of national defense communication lines; laying of the length of 1080 kilometers of the Benguela pipeline; involved in the construction of the length of 2300 kilometers of fiber optic communication lines Lanssila length of 1134 kilometers and the second phase of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The five lines have built the Qinghai-Tibet has greatly improved the region’s transportation, energy, communications conditions for the resident’s economic development and social stability.

Oxygen in the cold Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Qinghai-Tibet military depot near the Ministry of shoulder 80 percent of the troops stationed in Tibet material transport, the Tibetan army and nearly 80 percent of the fuel delivery and onerous task of providing communications support national defense, military duty per year training are more than nine months. Fifty-five years, they have transporting material can be formed on a Great Wall in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and they have more than 770 officers and men sacrificed their lives.

Over the years, generation after generation of officers and men of military depot in the Ministry of ancient wilderness has created miracles one after another, in July 1990, the Central Military Commission granted the Department “the Department of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau model depot” honorary title. They have excellent support tasks to complete over the years also change the resident environment. Military depot Ministry of armed forces have to live on the water, electricity, heating, oxygen, net Five-modern buildings. They planted flowers on the plateau, pig-raising vegetables, meat course to achieve self-sufficiency rate of 100% and 65% respectively, with all the subordinate units of the resident camp the Government to formulate a “model district”, “garden-style barrack” in standard.

At the same time, they also carry out poverty-relief, donations to schools, medical aid and other reconstruction work to promote resident livelihood improvement. According to statistics, they have participated in and supported on more than 80 key projects in the construction of Qinghai-Tibet region, aided and funded 191 schools to participate in more than two dozen major rescue and relief missions, rescue people in distress more than 30000 people, Southwest border consolidation and the Qinghai-Tibet region’s economic development and social prosperity and made a great contribution.

Tags: ,

From the exotic friendly: British fighter aircraft to defend the Soviet Union, the sky

Spitfire fighter From the exotic friendly: British fighter aircraft to defend the Soviet Union, the skyHurricane fighter From the exotic friendly: British fighter aircraft to defend the Soviet Union, the skyWinter 1941, the British Royal Air Force in the Soviet Union and Germany over the Nazi air force’s combat, which came from the exotic friendly eyes of the Soviet Union has therefore become a hero.

Request “Flame” to the “Hurricane”

June 1941 Soviet-German War broke out, the Soviet Army in the German army was beaten under a fierce assault by surprise. The face of unfavorable military situation, the Soviet Union needed weapons and supplies to prevent the advance of the Nazi heel. At that time, Stalin urged the British leader Winston Churchill to send the Royal Air Force, “Spitfire” fighter for support. However, as the British Royal Air Force at this time is the English Channel over the bitter fight with the Germans, they need advanced aircraft in order to maintain air superiority. However, in order to express to the Soviet Union, this new ally, the sincerity of coordinated operations, Churchill decided to send the final performance of the less fortunate, “Hurricane” fighters to be supported.

British Royal Air Force 151 Wing by section 81, p. 134 Squadron composition, in its wing comprises mainly coaches and technicians. They had received orders to implement the Murmansk naval base defense missions, while fighting with Soviet troops in the Murmansk region. Main task of training, the Soviet Union allied to master the use of such aircraft, and after the transfer of the aircraft to return. In fact, due to living in the Finnish Air Force against the German allies of range, they also undertake combat missions, escorting bombers to the Soviet Union closer to these goals, with the German fighter planes launched air and do our best to shoot down enemy planes.

August 12, 1941, p. 151 Fighter Wing of the first departure from Liverpool, in a small fleet escorted to the Soviet Union, the Bering Sea port of Archangel. At that time, board the “Lan Sidi Fenka Er” was the transport ship “Hurricane” A total of 16, were packed in wicker box, with deliveries also include all the necessary parts and kits. The second installment of “Hurricane” fighter, a total of 24, together with the crew aboard the Royal Navy’s “Giant 100″ aircraft carrier arrived in the Soviet Union. The carrier on August 19 departure from Greenock, arrived in Murmansk, the carrier carrying the “Hurricane” from the deck off, transferred to Wang Jia Ji, the 40 “Hurricane” in the build-up.

Over the next four months, which became the Royal Air Force officers and men of about 550 homes. During winter, where temperatures plunged to minus 15 degrees, daylight hours from 23 hours to 3 hours. In addition, section 151 Wing has also met with the rain, fog, snow and ice climate test. There is no doubt that, in such a bad situation to complete the task, 4 months is clearly too harsh.

However, in the “Lan Sidi Fenka Er” was 6 days after the arrival time, three aircraft have been rushed into the blue sky to conduct test flights. The next three days, a total of 15 aircraft in a flight status may be. Whether the pilot or the British allies, the Soviet Union, which are very satisfied. Since then, the British Royal Air Force flew to Murmansk flying start for the first time on patrol.

Only the expense of a team

Mission headed by Wing Commander Donald Bo Temu – Aishiwude, even though the name of the United Kingdom with a strong color, but the commander was from New Zealand. Donald Bo Temu – Yishenwude not tall, Jingzhuang strong. In section 151 wings, and he may be the most experienced pilots, but had done well, “Flame,” “Hurricane” “Typhoon” and “Warriors” fighter flight missions, won the Air Force Cross.

Donald Bo Temu – Yishenwude led pilots, though very young but a lot of people took part in the Battle of Britain in 1940. These young people find themselves living in the Arctic north of 270 km and, when all was a bit surprised, because they thought they have to go to the desert.

No. 151 Wing eventually found their task is by no means a friend of the Soviet Union assembly, “Hurricane” and train them to master the aircraft control so simple. In the implementation of the overseas missions, they ushered in an opportunity not to be missed, that Battle of Britain veterans status in different theaters and the Nazi air force’s combat.

September 12, 1941, p. 151 Wing were carried out 6 times patrol and escort missions, and welcomed their first exchange of fire with enemy aircraft. On this day the air battle, they were shot down three enemy aircraft, but unfortunately, Smith heroic sacrifice in the battle non-commissioned officers. It is worth mentioning that, Smith was also the first wing 151 combat missions in the Murmansk at the expense of the implementation of the only pilots. Battle, Smith driving the “Hurricane” by enemy planes hit the rear of the cockpit. Bar due to the destruction of the cockpit, he was unable to parachute to escape.

Time may be short but the height of success

In the presence of Wang Jia Ji during the period between the first wing 151 to 365 sorties, a total of 14 enemy aircraft shot down. Taking into account the task for only a short 4 months, they have achieved is absolutely a remarkable achievement. October 13, 1941, the British sent a “hurricane” Start transfer to the Soviet Union’s Northern Fleet Air Force.

October 26, a Soviet pilot, “Hurricane” the first aircraft shot down by the Nazis. At this moment, “ForceBenedict” mission came to an end, the British pilot was preparing to leave to return home.

November 16, a vanguard left for Archangel, and then a boat back to England. 14 days later, Wing Commander Donald Bo Temu – Aishiwude, Rock Major and Miller, Sergeant Major, as well as Harvey was awarded the Order of Lenin, became the only four honored during World War II British soldiers. The spring of 1942, that is, late March day, Donald Bo Temu – Aishenwude other four British officers and men were invited to the Soviet Embassy in Kensington in the UK to receive this decoration.

Tags:

Sailfish hunting chuyo: persistent attacks on three Japanese aircraft carrier sunk

In September 1943, the U.S. Pacific Fleet sent a “flag fish” such as No. 10 submarines to the central Pacific. The mission of the submarine are mainly engaged in surveillance activities, and the opportunistic to the rush to the rescue of the Japanese navy ships and transport ships to attack.

November 30, 1943, Struck exit from the Japanese navy’s “red eagle,” number and “Cloud Eagle” was to escort aircraft carrier, and their destination is Japan’s Yokosuka. A few days before, “red Eagle” number and “Cloud Eagle” aircraft carrier has just a few dozen Japanese planes sent to Truk. In order to ensure the safe return of these two aircraft carriers in mainland Japan, in accordance with the instructions of the Japanese Naval Operations Command from “Maya” was heavy cruiser and “Pu Wind” destroyer and the “red Eagle” number and “Cloud Eagle” aircraft carrier was composed of formation.

At 23 o’clock on December 3, 1943 or so, is latitude 32 ° N 143 ° near the waters of the U.S. Navy submarine “Swordfish” was the use of boats on the radar found a suspicious target, target distance, 8650 meters, it is to “flag fish “was close to the location. 8 minutes later, “swordfish” was gradually found another three goals. It turns out that four goal is to return to Yokosuka on the way is being used by the Japanese Struck “red Eagle” aircraft carrier formation.

At this point it is nearly midnight, high winds accompanied by heavy rain, the sea rolling waves, visibility is very low. Captain Ward Captain directs the whole crew, ready for battle, the “flag fish” was then to surface navigation gesture, braving the sea waves, to look towards the speed of 12 Japanese Zhezhi carrier battle group.

When the Japanese fleet at sea Zhezhi closer, the captain in command of Captain Ward “flag fish” submarine quickly submerged, and then measured according to radar data, the use of submarines Department 4 bow torpedo tubes Alignment “Chong Eagle” aircraft carrier salvo of four torpedoes, of which two hit the “red eagle.”

In order to completely destroy the injured, “red eagle,” the Persian Gulf, “flag fish” submarine float to the surface, risking their command of the hatch may be Pujin the risk of seawater, chasing Zhezhi carrier battle group. At 2:40 on December 4, “flag fish” submarine’s radar detected the Japanese aircraft carrier battle groups began a tortuous Zhezhi navigation, so that the speed of the entire aircraft carrier fleet immediately drop down. This change in the situation at sea, has become more conducive to “flag fish” was to occupy a favorable position array.

5:52, “flag fish” submarine to the “red Eagle” aircraft fired three torpedoes, of which two hit. At this point is at sea before dawn, in a large number of flares of shine under the sea seemed a bright, “flag fish” submarine’s location along exposed. So Ward captain in command of “flag fish” submarine rapid dive to evade. “Flag fish” submarine navigation in the water the next for a distance to avoid being attack Japanese convoy ships on the one hand re-filled with torpedoes, ready to wait for an opportunity once again to be badly hit the “red Eagle” aircraft carrier to launch new attacks.

7:48, when the “flag fish” was re-float the surface, the days have been great light, the sea after a night of torrential rain, the visibility is very high. At this point, “flag fish” on the look-out submarine officer found that “red Eagle” aircraft carrier, while still floating on the water, but it seems a motionless on the sea of.

Ward captain think we should lose no time on the “red Eagle” aircraft carrier for another torpedo attack. His command, “flag fish” submarine submerged, from the “red eagle,” the carrier’s port side to bypass the stern, sailing to the “red eagle” was starboard side of the bow. The discovery of “red eagle,” the carrier some tilt to the port side, so the captain decided to continue the attack on Ward “red eagle,” the carrier’s port side. Thus, under the command of captain in the Ward, “flag fish” submarine again around the back to the “red eagle,” the side of the carrier’s port side.

9:40, “flag fish” submarine fired three torpedoes, approximately 2-3 minutes later, Tingnei officers heard two dull explosions. Since then, the Japanese right “flag fish” submarine search operations continued for about half an hour, but the “flag fish” submarine has long been away from the scene.

“Chong Eagle” aircraft carrier in the “flag fish” submarine torpedo attack on the 3rd, the many of the cabins are located on the port side was severely damaged a large number of water inside the ship, was at 9:48 on December 4 sank in the rough of the Pacific Ocean.

“Flag fish” submarine peril, in the wind and rain of the Pacific Ocean on a continuous tracking ship nearly 10 hours, after 3 attacks, and finally the “red Eagle” aircraft carrier sent to the seabed. The military action has been called “the Pacific War battle at sea during one of the best.” (According to “Modern ships” Qi Yi-rong / text)

replica tag watches,
tiger woods watch,
replica chanel j12 watch,
fake watches

Tags: